In 2025, X. Zhang and a team analyzed 467,200 adults aged 37–73 from the UK Biobank, tracking them for Parkinson’s disease (PD). They defined metabolic syndrome (MetS) as having at least three of: big waist (≥40 inches men, ≥34.6 inches women), high blood pressure, low HDL cholesterol, high triglycerides, or high blood sugar. They checked medical records for 3,222 PD cases.

In 2025, Jiping Chen and Jiawei Yao from Shandong University and Guangdong Vocational Academy of Art reviewed how the ketogenic diet (KD)—low-carb, high-fat—helps manage metabolic syndrome (MetS), a mix of high blood pressure, high sugar, big waist, high triglycerides (TG), and low good cholesterol (HDL). They looked at how KD boosts ketone bodies like β-hydroxybutyrate (β-BHB) to burn fat, improve insulin use, fix lipid levels, and cut swelling.