In 2019, Dustin J. Oranchuk and a team from Auckland University of Technology reviewed 26 studies with 713 participants on isometric training's long-term effects. They looked at how muscle length, intensity, and intent affect adaptations like muscle size, strength, and architecture over 3-14 weeks.

In 2025, Ewelina Młynarska and a team from the Medical University of Lodz reviewed studies on creatine monohydrate supplementation combined with exercise for preventing type 2 diabetes. They focused on how skeletal muscle, which handles most body glucose, loses function in type 2 diabetes due to insulin resistance and sarcopenia (muscle wasting), and how creatine monohydrate—found in meat/fish or supplements—might help alongside workouts like weights or aerobics.

In 2018, Fabrício E. Rossi and a team studied 30 adults randomly assigned to three groups: back squat only, leg press only, or both, for 10 weeks of twice-weekly lower body workouts. Each group did 6 sets of 8-12 reps with 90-120 seconds rest, keeping other training the same. They measured max squat strength, body composition, jump height, and balance.

In 2015, Jose Antonio and a team from Nova Southeastern University studied 48 healthy, trained adults (men and women). They split them into two groups: one ate a normal protein diet (1.04 g/lb/day), the other a high protein diet (1.54 g/lb/day) from foods like beef protein, while both did the same heavy weight training program for 8 weeks.

In 2025, Stephanie Harris and team from Case Western Reserve University reviewed studies on protein needs in older adults. They found protein metabolism changes with age, leading to muscle loss and weaker immunity. In the US, 30% of men and 50% of women over 71 eat too little protein due to gut issues, less appetite, tooth problems, money worries, and loneliness.

In 2025, Xiaorong Ji and team from Shanghai University of Sport reviewed 21 studies with 1,200+ healthy adults. They looked at how whey protein, taken with exercise like weight lifting or running, helps build muscle. The studies compared groups using whey (20-40g per dose) to those doing exercise alone or with other proteins, measuring muscle protein synthesis (how muscles repair and grow) and the AKT/mTOR pathway, a cell signal that turns on muscle building.

In 2025, Yosuke Tsuchiya and Eisuke Ochi from Hosei University studied 24 male athletes doing intense leg exercises. They gave half of them 3.6g of omega-3 supplements daily for four weeks before and one week after, while the other half got a placebo, checking muscle strength, soreness, and inflammation markers.